So, does this just show up in the winter? I've had the car since last June and have never noticed it until now.
Sounds like rail dust.
The winter salt & crap likely brings the spots out which is why you see it in spring.
I tried the clay bar route with minor success. I was using a yellow clay which probably wasn't aggressive enough.
What worked best was applying this product with a foam applicator or a microfiber towel. This stuff works great to remove any stains from your paint & leaves a decent shine. Easy to apply & remove too.
https://www.eshine.ca/products/klasse-all-in-one-10ozI then followed that up with a sealant.
Here is my go-to stuff. Typical of e-shine though is that they always are out of stock... the ONR has shown Out of Stock for at least two years....
Optimum No Rinse. Awesome for quick detailer, clay lube and bucket washes. Cleans great and leaves no streaks. Wipe on & wipe off with microfibers
https://www.eshine.ca/products/optimum-no-rinse-wash-shine-32ozMenzerna Power Lock. Love this sealant. Easy to apply and even easier to remove. Expensive, but totally worth it.
https://www.eshine.ca/products/menzerna-jescar-power-lock-polymer-paint-sealant-16ozThat's what I used when I did a detail last summer.
Bucket wash with the ONR, then a quick clay bar, then the Power Lock.