Is this due to quality of parts or poor design?
I don't know what you're asking? Are you asking why they depreciate so much? Or why they are not as reliable?
Truth be told, I actually don't know for sure if the 2011+ Grand Caravan is as reliable as an Odyssey or a Sienna. The Odyssey and the Sienna have a
reputation for being reliable, and the Grand Caravan has a
reputation for being a piece of crap, but do the reputations hold up to reality? I believe a lot of it may have to do with proper maintenance. If you maintain a vehicle properly, it will likely last for many, many years, and provide hundreds of thousands of problem-free motoring. I
think (and this is only a theory) that because the Grand Caravan is cheaper to buy (both new and used) than an Odyssey or a Sienna, that a lower-income class of people buy it. These people often don't have the disposable income to do proper preventative maintenance on their Grand Caravan, and therefore, more instances of breakdowns are seen on them. This has nothing to do with the design or build quality of the vans, but have everything to do with how the owners treat them. Conversely, I believe that Odysseys and Siennas are typically bought by more affluent middle class families, who
can afford to do all the scheduled maintenance on their vehicles. Therefore the perception could be that the Odyssey and Sienna are better built and longer lasting than the Grand Caravan.
I've seen some older Grand Caravans from the early 2000's still hanging around, with many hundreds of thousands of kms on them, and they're still going. Also, don't forget, that Odysseys and Siennas aren't free of problems either. The 2nd gen Odyssey had significant transmission issues (often necessitating new transmissions). 3rd gen Odysseys had problems with steering mechanisms. The 2011+ Grand Caravans haven't had any major issues creep up in either the Pentastar Engine or the 62TE 6-speed transmission. A lot of the problems that you had with older engines (for example, power steering pump hoses coming off on 2008-2010 Grand Caravans when extremely cold out) have been fixed or eliminated with the new engine. The biggest 'problem' with the Grand Caravan is that the chassis is a 10 year old design. It's not as stiff as a modern minivan chassis, and they cheaped out on the rear suspension (solid beam axle, not IRS) so they don't ride or handle as well as the Odyssey, Sienna, or even the new Pacifica. That being said, that rear beam axle (with coil springs) is about as reliable of a rear suspension as you could ever ask for, due to its simplicity.
Ultimately, it all comes down to how you treat your vehicle, and how much money you put into maintenance. If you skip key maintenance intervals on any vehicle, even a Sienna or an Odyssey, you're going to start having problems. Conversely, if you spend money maintaining your Grand Caravan (or your Odyssey/Sienna) properly, it should reward you with many years of trouble-free service.